Pages Below:
| |
Jugular Vein
General
- patient at 45º
- hepatojugular reflex
Pressure
- reflects right atrial pressure
- normal 3 cm above sternal angle
- decreased
- increased
- right heart failure
- pericardial constriction / tamponade
Waveform
- Normal
- y - valve opening
- v - ventricular systole
- x - valve ring contraction
- c - valve closure
- a - atrial systole
- Abnormal
- giant V
- cannon a
- x and y descents raised
- constrictive pericarditis
|