Anaemia

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Anaemia of Chronic Disease
Aplastic Anaemia
Haemolytic Anaemia
Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Pernicious Anaemia
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Sideroblastic Anaemia
Vitamin B12
Folate

• Haemoglobin ~ <10g /dl

• Divide into macrocytic / normocytic / microcytic on basis of mean cell volume (MCV)

Symptoms

• Shortness of breath on exertion

• tiredness

• headache

• angina

Causes

Causes of normocytic anaemia

• most haemolytic anaemias

• Anaemia of Chronic Disease (sometimes)

• Haemorrhage

• Renal Disease

• Bone Marrow Failure

• Mixed cases

Causes of microcytic anaemia (MCV <78 fl)

• iron deficiency

  • bleeding (so make sure exclude GI malignancy)

  • malabsorption

  • dietary deficiency

• thalassaemia

• other haemoglobin defects

• Anaemia of chronic disease (sometimes)

• congenital sideroblastic anaemia

• Lead Poisoning

Causes of macrocytic anaemia (>98 fl)

• (megaloblastic anaemia)

  • B₁₂ / folate deficiency

• non-megaloblastic

  • acquired sideroblastic anaemia

  • alcohol

  • liver disease

  • hypothyroidism

  • myelodysplasia

  • aplastic anaemia

  • cytotoxic drugs

  • pregnancy

  • smoking

  • reticulocytosis

  • myeloma

  • neonatal (first few days)

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