Chronic Renal Failure

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Chronic Renal Failure


Causes

Presentation

  • Reason for admission
    • new diagnosis
    • dialysis problem
    • complication

History

  • Symptoms renal failure
    • lethargy
    • fatigue
    • anorexia
    • nausea
    • vomiting
    • pruritus
  • Anaemia / Hypertension?
  • Cause
  • Dialysis
  • Transplant
    • Functioning?

PMH

  • Cause?
  • Vascular disease
    • angina
    • MI
    • TIAs
    • CVA
    • Claudication
  • Complications
    • hypertension
    • bone disease
    • anaemia
    • aware of any problems with calcium
    • may be awaiting parathyroidectomy

DHx

  • Anti-hypertensives
  • Vitamin supplements
  • Phosphate Binders
  • Calcium salts
  • Erythropoeitin

FHx

SHx

  • probably unable to work
  • invalidity benefit
  • ? home alterations 
    • facilitate haemodialysis
    • separate room for CAPD

Examination

General

  • Anaemic
  • Pigmentation
  • Excoriation / Pruritus
  • Bruising
  • AV fistula
  • Neck dialysis lines / scars

CVS

  • hypertension
  • Heaving apex beat
  • Loud 2nd Heart sound

Abdo

  • polycystic kidneys
  • transplanted kidneys
  • Tenckhofff catheter

CNS

  • fundi
    • hypertensive retinopathy
  • Peripheral neuropathy

Urinalysis

  • likely to be anuric

Investigations

  • FBC
    • anaemia
  • U&Es
  • Calcium
  • Phosphate
  • Alkaline Phosphatase
  • Creatinine Clearance
  • Intravenous Urogram (IVU)
  • Renal Biopsy

Treatment

  • Diet
    • protein, potassium, phosphate, salt restriction
    • restriction on
      • coffee
      • chocolate
      • bananas
      • fruit drinks
      • dairy products
  • Drugs
    • antihypertensives
    • Calcichew +/- Vitamin D
    • antihistamines
    • antiemetics
    • erythropoeitin
  • Dialysis
  • Transplant
 

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