dilatation of veins of pampiniform plexus
more common on left
may be cause of infertility by raising scrotal temperature
high pressure of left renal vein
adenocarcinoma of kidney invading renal vein (especially if does not collapse on lying down or history short)
feels like 'bag of worms' when patient standing
does not transilluminate
ligation if there is pain or infertility
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