Bones of the Skull

Bones of the Skull

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frontal bone
- supraorbital notch.
- supraorbital ridges
- bregma
- orbital plate
- frontal sinus
occipital bone
- external occipital protuberance
- superior nuchal line
- inferior nuchal line
- occipital condyles
- foramen magnum
- lambda
parietal bone
maxilla
- maxillary sinus
temporal
- squamous part
- petrous part
  - mastoid process
  - zygomatic process
    - articular eminence
    - mandibular fossa
  - foarmen lacerum
  - styloid process
sphenoid
- greater wings
- lesser wings
  - anterior clinoid process
  - optic canal
- body
- pterygoid plates
zygomatic
- frontal process
mandible
- head
- neck
- pterygoid fovea
- coronoid process
- anterior border of ramus
- angle
- body
- mental foramen
- mandibular foramen
- lingula
- mylohyoid groove
- mylohyoid line
- mental spines (genial tubercles)
ethmoid
- crista gali
- cribriform plate
- perpendicular plate
basiosphenoid
basiocciput

[OTFA 26–32]	Function (birth deformation) [OTFA 26–32]
	Fontanelles: dates of fusion. Results of premature fusion.
	Identification on a skull or plain radiograph of the following sutures: coronal, sagittal parieto-occipital; bregma, lambda, pterion.

15.2.1.2 Bones of the vault

[OTFA 26–32]	Identification on a skull or plain radiograph, and as surface landmarks (where appropriate) of the following bones: frontal bone, supraorbital notch; occipital bone, occipital condyles; parietal bone, squamous and petrous temporal bone, tympanic plate, external auditory meatus, mandibular fossa, styloid process, mastoid process; zygomatic bone; greater and lesser wings of sphenoid, medial and lateral pterygoid plates; ethmoid bones, cribriform plate; crista galli, clinoid processes, pituitary fossa (sella turcica); nasal and maxillary bones; palatine bone. [OTFA 26–32]	vomer
[OTFA 80–82]	Identification on a skull or plain radiograph of the following fossae: anterior, middle and posterior cranial. [OTFA 80–82]
	Identification on a skull or plain radiograph of: maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal and ethmoid sinuses; pituitary fossa. Eroded posterior clinoids as a sign of pituitary enlargement. Raised intracranial pressure.
	Common sites and consequences of skull fractures.	Localizing signs of skull fractures. CSF leakage: otorrhoea, rhinorrhoea.

15.2.1.3 Cranial nerve foramina

Identification on a skull or plain radiograph or CT scan of the following foramina, and a knowledge of their principal contents: rotundum, ovale, spinosum; jugular foramen; foramen magnum; carotid canal, stylomastoid foramen, hypoglossal canal; optic foramen, superior and inferior orbital fissures; internal auditory meatus. (This to be linked to the origins of all nerves in the brain stem and relations to cavernous sinus and ling prominences).

15.2.1.4 Mandible and temporomandibular joint

	Ramus; symphysis menti; coronal and condylar processes.
[OTFA 41–43]	Types of movement. Role of masseter, temporalis and pterygoids. [OTFA 41–43]	Malocclusion and arthritis: role in migraine/headaches.
	Dislocation of the jaw.	Reduction of dislocation.

15.2.1.5 Teeth

[OTFA 61]

Nomenclature. [OTFA 61]

Relation to sinuses: referred pain

15.2.1.6 Dura (will be studied in detail in the second year)

[OTFA 78–80]	Relationships between dura, pia and arachnoid. Potential and actual spaces. Blood supply: venous sinuses (see section 15.4.2.1). The basis for subdural and subarachnoid bleeding. Roles of CSF. Cerebral ventricles and the flow of CSF (this would fit with the teaching of the spinal spaces in the first year). [® neuroscience?] [OTFA 78–80]	Lumbar puncture. Consequences of raised intracranial pressure (hydrocephalus).
	Extradural haemorrhage (often due to middle meningeal injury)

15.2.1.7 Parts of the brain (will be studied in detail in the second year)

The following external features of the gross structure of the brain should be known: cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, pituitary; frontal, occipital, temporal and parietal lobes; pons, medulla; nerve roots.

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